According to the book, Witches and Pagans: Women in European Folk Religion, 700-1100, La Venefica was an herbalist but a "poisoner." This was going on around the 8th century but also continued into the 1400s where midwives were often viewed as "murderers" and "poisoners." For some, there needed to be a clear distinction between what was "good" and what was "evil" so veneficus had its opposite, beneficus, "one who is beneficent."
I have started a new poem, "La Venefica," that I plan to include in my poetry manuscript, Abramo e Agata. At this time I plan to adding it to my section of poems that are narrated by La Madonna dell' Arco, one of the Black Madonnas of southern Italy but who has devotees around the world. In my poem, I am connecting La Madonna dell'Arco with La Venefica, the one who heals and the one who destroys. La Madonna dell'Arco is the voice who comes through at the beginning of my book. So in the first section she is the narrator. The voice is primal; the Great Mother; Anima Mundi; the World card in the tarot.
When I started working on my manuscript and my central narrator, Abramo, a young Napoletano, who is a POW in Lordsburg, NM, I saw him praying to and worshipping La Madonna dell'Arco, whose sancutary is in Sant'Anastasia, a town at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius, within the municipality of Naples, Italy. I imagine my nonna, Grazia Napoletana, as a young girl going to that church. I have no evidence of that only what I imagine. Only what I create in my poetry.
When I first saw images of La Madonna dell'Arco, I was drawn to the scar on her face. immediately knew, could feel that She understands suffering. A young man lost his temper and threw a ball at the La Madonna dell'Arco's painting and her left cheek started to bleed. The bleeding eventually stopped, but the scar is always there. The young man was convicted of blasphemy, and was hanged. There is no fairy-tale ending to this story. No one was forgiven. The harshness of that story seeps into the devotion of this Black Madonna. People who suffer, who experience violence, illness, possession of evil spirits, near drownings, etc. all go to Her for healing and protection.